• Useful Programming Tools
• Interesting commentaries on programming
• Programming Humor

If you are looking for Microsoft Windows specific programming tools, consider that a)many of the tools on this page will work with Windows very nicely and b)really, consider working with Open Source Operating systems (such as Linux) instead, perhaps for reasons worth considering.

Having noted this, take a look at our Windows programming resources page for useful info on this very large topic.

• Common code production tools
• GUI Toolkits
• Special purpose libraries
  • Imaging libraries
  • 3D Graphics libraries and related links, ass'd
  • Graph and plotting, ass'd
  • Scientific Computing Libraries
  • Multiprocessing/Multithreading tools
• Useful programming tricks, hacks and analysis
• Computer programming books and publications and research
• Noteworthy programming sites, misc.
• Computer programming languages, related papers and tutorials
  (see also Google page on programming languages for an interesting assortment.....)
  • Ada
  • Alice
  • APL
  • C
  • C++
  • ObjectiveC
  • Erlang
  • Forth
  • Fortran
  • Haskell
  • Java
  • Limbo
  • Lisp
  • Logo
  • ML
  • Occam
  • Oz
  • Pascal
  • Perl
  • Prolog
  • Python
  • Ruby
  • Scheme
  • Smalltalk
  • tcl
• Programming humor

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GNU Compiler Collection - C, C++, Objective-C, Java, Fortran compiler suite

The GNU Compiler suite is the canonical open-source compiler collection. In its full configuration, it supports C (and is used to build Linux kernel), C++, Objective C, Java, and Fortran.

• See GNU Compilers
• Tiny C Compiler

Tcl/Tk - Tool Command Language/Toolkit

Tcl is the 'language' part of the package. Tk is a 'widget' kit that allows a Tcl (or other language) programmer to build graphical and networked applications with incredible ease. This is a very easy to use yet quite powerful language and related toolkit.

• See Scriptics Tcl/Tk site
• Tesseract tcl/tk resource page
  

Code build tools

These tools allow one to build complex sets of source code files into final executables. Of course, this is chiefly accomplished via:

• GNU Make is a very powerful make variant with lots of features, and decent speed.

Debugging tools

• The GNU Debugger (GDB)
• Debugging with GDB on the RedHat site

Cross language and other glue software tools

• SWIG - Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator is a powerful and mature tool used to tie various high-level languages with C or C++. This means that languages such as Tcl, Perl, Java, and others can interact with code and/or libraries in C/C++. Typically, this means you can use prototype and test systems quickly by using a 'higher-level' language to call lower level C/C++ APIs.

Code Editor programs

A Good Programming Editor is a must for productive programmers. Our choice is (hope a flame war does not ensue.....):

• vim editor is nice, has a bit of a learning curve, and is kind of line oriented, but once you get used to it, you can be very productive; other programmers may prefer:
• Emacs (GNU, in this case) is much loved and very useful, extensible, and powerful. What is remarkable about emacs is that I have seen it used as an editor; a host for code debugging; a code development host for things like the Oz language; a Natural Language Processing interface; and a learning tool for the Lisp language. Got to love it, the power of real programmers (thanks, RMS....)

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• Fast, Light Toolkit (FLTK)
  • Beginner FLTK tutorial
  • FTLK variant used in the Cinepaint software
  • Erco's FLTK Cheats is very handy

• wxWidgets toolkit
• GNUStep GNU version of OpenStep
• Gimp Toolkit (GTK) is used throughout The Gimp image manipulation program
• GUI development tools listing that is pretty large
• GTK Instrumentation Widgets is a library witch provides gtk widgets for scientific/instrumentation visualization.
• KWWidgets is a free, cross-platform and open-license GUI Toolkit. Over a hundred C++ classes have been developed and used by Kitware, Inc. to create open-source and commercial end-user applications; brought to you by the same brilliant team that made VTK happen.
• X11 GUI Toolkits listing that has some interesting entries
• Visual Component Framework (VCF) is an advanced C++ application framework that makes it easy to produce powerful C++ applications. The framework is a based on a thoroughly modern C++ design and has built in support for Rapid Application Development (RAD). The framework is designed to be portable over multiple platforms and compilers, so you don't have to lose all that work that went into writing your app for a single platform!
• FOX Toolkit is a C++ based Toolkit for developing Graphical User Interfaces easily and effectively. It offers a wide, and growing, collection of Controls, and provides state of the art facilities such as drag and drop, selection, as well as OpenGL widgets for 3D graphical manipulation. FOX also implements icons, images, and user-convenience features such as status line help, and tooltips.
• S-Lang is a multi-platform programmer's library designed to allow a developer to create robust multi-platform software. It provides facilities required by interactive applications such as display/screen management, keyboard input, keymaps, and so on. The most exciting feature of the library is the slang interpreter that may be easily embedded into a program to make it extensible.
• A blast from the past....the TurboVision toolkit for text-based GUIs, originally published by Borland, now available as open-source....wow, this brings me back......
• Interesting, but not strictly GUI development 'kits':
  • Tesseract page on X11
  • DirectFB is a thin library that provides hardware graphics acceleration, input device handling and abstraction, integrated windowing system with support for translucent windows and multiple display layers, not only on top of the Linux Framebuffer Device. It is a complete hardware abstraction layer with software fallbacks for every graphics operation that is not supported by the underlying hardware. DirectFB adds graphical power to embedded systems and sets a new standard for graphics under Linux.

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• Growing collection on our site

• OpenGL is certainly a place to start thinking about 3D; you might get some use our of our OpenGl page on our site
• Apocalyx 3D Engine is a 3D engine based on OpenGL, OpenAL and other free libraries suitable in particular for the development of Programming Game
• Crystal Space is a free (LGPL) and portable 3D Game Development Kit written in C++. It supports: true six degrees of freedom, colored lighting, lightmapped and stencil based lighting, shader support (CG, vertex programs, fragment programs, ...), mipmapping, portals, mirrors, alpha transparency, reflective surfaces, 3D sprites (frame based or with skeletal animation using cal3d animation library), procedural textures, particle systems, halos, volumetric fog, scripting (using Python, Perl, Java, or potentially other languages), 16-bit and 32-bit display support, OpenGL, and software renderer, font support (also with freetype), hierarchical transformations, physics plugin based on ODE.....whew!
• Delta3d is an open source gaming and simulation engine. If I have read this correctly, it is being used for US Military training and simulation purposes as well.....
• Genesis3D is a real-time 3D rendering environment for all of your real-time 3D needs.
• G3D is a commercial-grade 3D Engine available as Open Source (BSD License). It is used in games, tech demos, research papers, military simulators, and university courses. It can support real-time rendering, off-line rendering, back-end game server management of 3D worlds, and use of graphics hardware for general purpose computing.
• graphics3D is "Resources for the 3D Graphics Community: developers, researchers, artists, gamers, and enthusiasts."
• The Irrlicht Engine is an open source high performance realtime 3D engine written and usable in C++ and also available for .NET languages. It is completely cross-platform, using D3D, OpenGL and its own software renderer, and has all of the state-of-the-art features which can be found in commercial 3d engines
• Klimt is an open-source 3D library, targeted for PDAs and mobile phones. Its API is very similiar to that of OpenGL and OpenGL|ES.
• NeoEngine is an Open Source 3D game engine, currently available in two flavors, pure open source and commercially supported version.
• OGRE:Object Oriented Graphics Rendering Engine is a very cool cross-platform 3D rendering kit useful for games and other...
• OpenSceneGraph is an open source high peformance 3D graphics toolkit, used by application developers in fields such as visual simulation, games, virtual reality, scientific visualization and modelling. Written entirely in Standard C++ and OpenGL it runs on all Windows platforms, OSX, GNU/Linux, IRIX, Solaris, HP-Ux, AIX and FreeBSD operating systems.
• World Wind is a NASA authored program to "..let you zoom from satellite altitude into any place on Earth. Leveraging Landsat satellite imagery and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data, World Wind lets you experience Earth terrain in visually rich 3D, just as if you were really there."
  Although World Wind is Windows specific, it seems so compelling (and, after all, is NASA authored) that I thought it would be very useful to include it in this list.
• XEngine is the 'Platform and API Independent 3D Engine'; is a platform- and rendering-API-independent 3D engine for real-time visualization with support for programmable graphics pipeline architectures and is implemented in C++

Graph and plotting, ass'd:

• GraphViz is open source graph drawing software. It has several main graph layout program; this code is not as low-level as it may seem, and seems to be grounded in some rather sophisticated techniques and theory that seem closer to graph-theory than straight computer graphics

Scientific Computing Libraries

• oonumerics.org is Scientific Computing in Object Oriented languages (mostly, C++) and in particular....
• Blitz++ C++ based templatized scientific computing library
• The Fastest Fourier Transform in the West is a C subroutine library for computing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) in one or more dimensions, of arbitrary input size, and of both real and complex data (as well as of even/odd data, i.e. the discrete cosine/sine transforms or DCT/DST).

Multiprocessing/Multithreading tools

• Kent Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) library for C++
• Cilk is a language for multithreaded parallel programming based on ANSI C. Cilk is designed for general-purpose parallel programming, but it is especially effective for exploiting dynamic, highly asynchronous parallelism, which can be difficult to write in data-parallel or message-passing style.
  Developed out of MIT Computer Science and AI Lab
• pthreads (POSIX Threads) programming tutorial
• Sphinx, an integrated parallel microbenchmark suite, consists of a harness for running performance tests and extensive tests of MPI, Pthreads and OpenMP

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• Time, how to measure it, how to deal with it...
  • High Resolution Timing
  • Time-Stamp counter (more use of CPU counters, including RDTSC Intel intruction
• Network programming
  • Beej's Guide to Network Programming Using Internet Sockets

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Functional Programming
• FAQ on Functional Programming

Concurrent programming (Multi-Processing/Multi-threading)
• Communicating Sequential Processes by C.A.R.Hoare of Occam and transputer fame
• Very nice pthreads overview brought to you by a heavy consumer of High Performance Computing

General programming issues and excellence in coding..
• (The Late, Great) W. Richard Stevens' home page has mandatory material that every programmer should look at

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• Lambda, the ultimate The programming languages weblog; interesting collection of topics, many modern and very useful
• Safari on oreilly.com has many books for perusal, online, at reasonable rates

Ada is a structured, statically typed imperative computer programming language designed by a team led by Jean Ichbiah of CII Honeywell Bull under contract by the US Navy during 1977-1983. It addresses many of the same tasks as C or C++, but with one of the best type-safety systems available in a statically typed programming language. Ada was named after Ada Lovelace, who is often credited with being the first computer programmer.
• Ada Home
• Ada World
• Ada information Center

Alice is an interesting experiment in Human Computer Interaction and programming under the direction of folk at Carnegie Mellon University

• (for the Alice languages based on ML, see also ML section)

APL is an array programming language based on a notation invented in 1957 by Kenneth E. Iverson while at Harvard University. It originated in an attempt to provide consistent notation for the teaching and analysis of topics related to the application of computers.
Many smart people are afraid of APL because it 'looks funny' and uses a strange character set. Oddly, many of these characters are taken directly from (and are equivalent to) operators and notation in mathematics. I have seen 15-year-old APL programs used in modelling chemical systems that, to me, could handily do things that I would be rather hard-pressed to do in any reasonable amount of time in other languages. Very powerful stuff, somewhat tough learning curve.

• Jim W's APL Information with many useful things...
• Why APL? from ACM has a very nice argument in favor of this truly remarkable (though somewhat dated) language.
• Design of APL by IBM; excellent reading.
• APL2 is new life to APL from IBM.

The C programming language is still an example of things that are light and great....thanks to Brian Kernighan (an extremely approachable and very interesting gentleman, I must say) and Dennis Richie

C++ which is probably the most popular object-oriented language being used today

Objective-C language is amazing because develops love it but it's virtually unknown outside of a small subset of other C/C++ developers. I recall hearing about Wall St. developers using Objective-C and NextStep to build applications in weeks that would normally take months (if ever!) to get a similar application done using C or C++. Incredibly, NextStep ultimately became OS-X from Apple, and Objective-C lives on as the language of choice for OS-X Cocoa development.

• Useful links about Objective-C, newsgroups, chronology, etc.

Erlang is a language developed for large-scale parallel and fault-tolerant computing. It seems somewhat derived from Prolog.

Forth language was originally developed for telescope control and so is quite good at embedded and process control types of apps. It is a stack based language with a strong Reverse Polish Logic flavor. In case you did not know, the firmware in all Sun cards is written in Forth (all Sun adaptor cards have bits of Forth code in them for Sun iron to be able to ask in portable way about card!)

• GNU Forth
• RetroForth is an implementation of the Forth programming language. It is completely free, and can be used with Linux, FreeBSD, Windows, BeOS/Haiku, SCO OpenServer, or as a minimal operating system.

Fortran is, as I understand it, the oldest high-level language (and, so, presumably the first compiled language). It is the mother of us all in terms of programming (outside of assembly language), and it continues to largely dominate the numerical applications where most scientists first learned to apply computers to complex numerical problems.

Haskell "is Haskell is a computer programming language. In particular, it is a polymorphicly typed, lazy, purely functional language, quite different from most other programming languages. The language is named for Haskell Brooks Curry, whose work in mathematical logic serves as a foundation for functional languages. Haskell is based on lambda calculus, hence the lambda we use as a logo."

• The Evolution of a Haskell programmer kind of amusing, but says a lot about programming techniques and idioms...

Java is a C++ inspired language originally developed for use in TV set-top boxes. There are a lot of great constructs available in Java, as I suppose there are in C++, and Java also boasts of removing the concept of explicit memory allocation and memory pointers in exchange for automatic garbage collection.

Limbo is a programming language intended for applications running distributed systems on small computers. It supports modular programming, strong type checking at compile- and run-time, interprocess communication over typed channels, automatic garbage collection, and simple abstract data types. It is designed for safe execution even on small machines without hardware memory protection. This language was originally intended as the system language for the Inferno operating system, originally developed at (the Late, Great) Bell Labs; in fact, Dennis Richie, one of the architects of Unix and C, was one of the designers or Limbo

• Limbo programming language by Dennie Richie
• A Descent into Limbo by Brian Kernighan

Lisp is a language that is amazing at several levels. Programmers either love it or hate it. Either you get it, or it's a mystery. It has been used for expert systems and other areas of AI since artificial intelligence was conceived for computers. It has spawned specialized hardware and architectures and amazing software engineering and computer graphics systems.

• GNU Lisp an ANSI Common Lisp implementation; includes an interpreter, a compiler, a debugger, CLOS, MOP, a foreign language interface, i18n, regular expressions, a socket interface, and more.
• CMU Common Lisp is a free, robust and comprehensive implementation of Common Lisp.
• Steel Bank Common Lisp is an open source (free software) compiler and runtime system for ANSI Common Lisp. It provides an interactive environment including an integrated native compiler, a debugger, and many extensions.
• GLOS is a graphic library intended to display and animate 3d objects in real-time onto a X-Window. Implementing a subset of the OpenGL library, it cares about observing OpenGL primitive naming and rendering methods. It is also entirely developed in ANSI Common Lisp, but features some specific CMU/CL optimizations enabling about 1/4 of MesaGL speed.
• Cliki is the Common Lisp Wiki; many useful items to be had...
• LispMachine.net has many tasty bits...
• Association of Lisp Users (ALU)
• Paul Graham's site not only has lots of information on Lisp, but has lots of info on many important considerations and takes in software engineering and general programming. Smart guy (Lisp attracts lots of smart folk...)
• "Lisp: Good News, Bad News, How to Win Big" is the classic commentary regarding attitudes, technologies, and approaches to software development, and where engineering has finally left us vs. what could have been....
• Lisp Machines and Symbolics information, quite neat
• Wikipedia on Symbolics
• Symbolics Graphics division and related memories...
• Symbolics Lisp Machine Museum
• A Brief History of Lisp Machines; also look around this site, this Lisp-er has many interesting tidbits of info on Lisp, Lisp Machines, history, important research papers, etc.
• See also Scheme programming section

Logo is another very cool language with many advanced features. It was originally developed by Seymour Papert at MIT for use in education and, indeed, this still seems to be the direction Logo is most used in.

• Netlogo is a cross-platform multi-agent programmable modeling environment.
  This doesn't begin to convey how amazing and useful Netlogo is for educational purposes; please, if there are K-12 schools out there doing CompSci education, drop the Visual Basic and take a look at this truly remarkable application and how it's being used in schools...
• Fascinating paper entitled Symbolic Programming vs. Software Engineering -- Fun vs. Professionalism -- Are These the Same Question?

ML there are several variants of ML available; I don't know a lot about this language, but I have understood that really great functional programming is fast to develop, lends itself to very stable engineering techniques, and is very expressive and fun to work with.

• Programming in Standard ML tutorial and notes from Computer Science Dept. at Carnegie Mellon University; there are several version of this document available on line, look for newest, which seems rather nice and rather complete
• Functional programming in the real world is an interesting summary of small, mid and large scale applications of functional programming techniquest and languages (such as ML) in industrial and other settings. I always appreciate this sort of thing because computing has very much become rather predictable ("GUIs are done in Visual Basic, everything else is in C or C++") and it's refreshing to see large scale experimentation and deployment of new paradigms and techniques. So there.
• Caml and Objective Caml
• Moscow ML
• Alice dialect of ML is a functional programming language based on Standard ML, extended with rich support for concurrent, distributed, and constraint programming.

Occam is a parallel processing language designed by a team at INMOS in conjunction with the design of the transputer processor , and based on T. Hoare's ideas of CSP.
Occam incorporates support for very fine grained, easy to use threads and seamless support of multi-processor environments. It can be used with shared or distributed memory systems, and the strong basis in CSP makes it excellent choice when formal proofs of correctness are required.
INMOS has big plans for the transputer. The name of this processor was based on TRANS from transistor (utterly ubiquitous) and comPUTER; Inmos thought transputers would be everywhere in the near future (as of the early 1980's). And so, a brief hardware digression.....

• Oxford University transputer archive
• Ram Meenakshisundaram's Transputer Home Page
• The Atari transputer workstation was a high end, high powered system which combined the power of the ABAQ Transputer system with the front end power of the Atari Mega ST.

Oz contains in a simple and well-factored way most of the concepts of the major programming paradigms, including logic, functional (both lazy and eager), imperative, object-oriented, constraint, distributed, and concurrent programming. Oz has both a simple formal semantics (see chapter 13 of the book mentioned below) and an efficient implementation, the Mozart Programming System (see below). Oz is a concurrency-oriented language, as the term was introduced by Joe Armstrong, the main designer of the Erlang language. A concurrency-oriented language makes concurrency both easy to use and efficient.

• Mozart Programming System
• Oz Tutorial
• Oz Language page on dmoz open directory project
• CTM Wiki wiki is about the book Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming by Peter van Roy and Seif Haridi, also known here as CTM. It is intended as a forum for discussion of the book and of the different approaches to programming that it introduces. CTM is almost entirely presented in Oz.

Pascal is Dr. Niklaus Wirth's structured programming language that was often seen as a popular contender for general programming practice in the 70's and 80's.

• GNU Pascal (but server does not respond....

Perl is sometimes called "the duct tape for the internet." It's really much, much more. What's interesting to me, though, is how sometimes funny the relationship between Perl-mongers and Perl-monks vs. other languages is. Anyway, never underestimate the language and its devotees.

• perl.org
• cpan.org where you get your Perl modules on....
• a Great Book available for free download is Higher Order Perl; this book could really change your way of thinking about not just Perl, but many other languages, it's a real treasure!

Prolog is named for PROgramming in LOGic. It was originally based on a Lisp- like syntax, but later evolved into syntax referred to as Clocksin and Mellish syntax after the two researchers that evolved Prolog into its more common, later form.
Prolog is considered a 'declarative language' in that you can feed 'clauses' (logical statements) into Prolog then, when suitably queried, draw new facts derived from stored clauses based on Prolog's built in 'inference' mechanism.
Although the now-defunct Turbo-Prolog product from the nearly defunct Borland Corp. was not a true Prolog (it was typed!!), I used it to build many quite sophisticated applications for customers that rolled out a whole lot faster than if I had written in C. Quite an experience.

• GNU Prolog
• SWI-Prolog offers a comprehensive Free Software Prolog environment, licensed under the Lesser GNU Public License. Together with its graphics toolkit XPCE, its development started in 1987 and has been driven by the needs for real-world applications. These days SWI-Prolog is widely used in research and education as well as for commercial applications.
• Prolog and Logic Languages has many very cool links including lots of parallel Prolog and other topical goodies
• The Warren Abstract Machine or "WAM" is the abtract execution engine intended to host Prolog and other symbolic computations sytems. It is worth taking a peek at in order to see an early 1980's approach to symbolic computing and Prolog implementations in particular.
• Warren's Abstract Machine: A Tutorial Reconstruction is a book that was published by MIT Press, in 1991, now out of print; the author owns the copyright and does not mind distributing it for free to anyone who wants to use it for non-commercial purposes.

Python is a quite powerful language with lots of built in functionality by way of extensions, plus lots of interesting and advanced constructs. The only real complaint I have about this language is that it forces structure on your programs by way of whitespace detection: the code is expected to be formed and block structured based on indentation and whitespace hinting......I thought we ended this with Fortran....

Ruby is a dynamic, open source programming language with a focus on simplicity and productivity. It has an elegant syntax that is natural to read and easy to write.

• Ruby on Rails is an open-source framework that's optimized for programmer happiness and sustainable productivity. It lets you write beautiful code by favoring convention over configuration.
• Ruby Central a growing web resource for everything to do with the Ruby language.

Scheme is a powerful dialect/derivative of Lisp. It is often used as an extension language inside of other systems (such as script-fu in The Gimp)

• Scheme page at MIT AI lab, original home to Scheme; lots of useful material here
• Schemers.org Scheme community site
• DrScheme Nice GUI based implementation of Scheme with great community. Nice teaching tool too.
• PLT/Dr.Scheme package repository is PLT Scheme's centralized package distribution system. Here you will find user-contributed Scheme packages along with instructions for using them.

• Chez Scheme claims to be "the world's fastest and most reliable implementation of Scheme."
• The Scheme Programming Language is a very nice textbook available in print an online (as noted) versions.
• SIOD: Scheme in One Defun is a small-footprint implementation of the Scheme programming language that is provided with some database, unix programming and cgi scripting extensions.
  This looks like the embedded Scheme used for ScriptFu in the The Gimp
• STk is Scheme and Tk toolkit, useful for messing in Tk via Scheme
• Scheme code repository at School of Computer Science at Carnegie-Mellon

SmallTalk is one of the very first modern Object Oriented languages (a full OO language, no less..). Smalltalk and its development environments used on Xerox PARC Alto workstations was the tool of choice for pioneering work in the development of modern user interfaces, mouse based graphical interaction, and object oriented programming and analysis techniques.

• Squeak is a very powerful, and small (boots from a floppy!!) SmallTalk based development environment and language 'ala classic SmallTalk from PARC. This is especially true since I am pretty sure that Squeak's principal developer is none other than Alan Kay, one of the originators of Smalltalk.
• GNU Smalltalk
• Slate language is a prototype-based object-oriented programming language based on Self, CLOS, and Smalltalk. Slate syntax is intended to be as familiar as possible to a Smalltalker, rather than engaging in divergent experiments in that respect. Unlike the Smalltalk family, within Slate, methods can be assigned to a signature of objects, instead of being installed on one favored receiver

tcl is a very simple language that has lots of handy applications. It also has tremendous support for fairly low level reflection as well as interfacing with other languages. This makes it a lot like an embeddable, portable poor-man's Lisp. Lots of very big projects have been done in tcl and its UI companion toolkit, Tk.

• Tesseract tcl page has lots of goodies

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• a famous essay by Richard Gabriel; sometimes called "Worse is Better" but really it's: Lisp: Good News, Bad News, How to Win Big
• A great essay by Paul Graham: Beating the averages
• Bjarne Stroustrup on: Educating Software Developers (or the problems in today's CS programs).
• Joel Spolsky's pretty readable and great site called Joel On Software
• Peter Norvig, currently working as Director of Research at Google, has a great web page with just too many links to go over...take a moment and check it out...
• The story about Mel, a Real Programmer (this is a classic.....)

• An amusing analysis of programming environments and accidental loss of extremities
• more about your foot and programming
• Some more humor
• List of Computer Programming Humor items
• Programming is a Weird and Wacky World..
• The Daily WTF, noted as "Curious Perversions in Information Technology"
• What if Operating Systems Were Airlines?
• If Operating Systems Were Airlines... (take 2...)
• Index of funny stuff related to Tech Topics....
• Java Programmer Certification Mock Exam No 2 based on the objectives of the JDK 1.2 exam
• If programming languages were religions

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